Raid on the Roman Ghetto
The raid on the Roman Ghetto took place on 16 October 1943. A
total of 1,259 people, mainly members of the Jewish Community—numbering 363
men, 689 women, and 207 children—were detained by the Gestapo. Of these Detainees,
1,023 were identified as Jews and deported to the Auschwitz Concentration Camp.
Of these Deportees, only fifteen Men and one Woman survived.
The Ghetto of Rome had been established in 1555. By the time
of the Raid, it was almost 400 years old and consisted of four cramped blocks
around the Portico d’Ottavia, wedged between the Theatre of Marcellus, the
Fontana delle Tartarughe, Palazzo Cenci, and the river Tiber.
When Nazi Germany occupied Rome two days after the Italian
surrender on 8 September 1943, 8,000 Italian Jews were in Rome, one-fifth of
all Jews in Italy. Many of those had moved south after the Allied landing,
hoping to find safety from Nazi persecution.
The German military Commander of Rome, General Reiner Stahel,
was initially wary that any action against the Jews of Rome would draw
condemnation from Pope Pius XII, of which he had been warned by Bishop Alois
Hudal, rector of the German church in Rome. This condemnation, however, never
materialised, which has led to considerable controversy. Stahel decided against
ordering Deportation without official authority from the German Foreign Ministry.
Germany's Consul-General Eitel Friedrich Möllhausen went so far as to write to
Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in order to suggest that the Roman Jews
be interned in Italian Camps rather than deported, but Ribbentrop never dared
to act against the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), from which Stahel received his
orders. The role of the German Ambassador to the Vatican, Ernst von Weizsäcker,
in these events remains a matter of controversy.
On 26 September, Herbert Kappler, Commander of the SS and the
Gestapo in Rome, announced to the Jewish Community in the city that unless they
handed over 50 kilograms (110 lb) of gold, 200 Jewish Family heads would be
deported. The Community delivered this sum on the deadline of midday, 28
September, with the assistance of the non-Jewish Citizens of Rome. This left
the Jewish Community with the impression that the Germans were only after loot,
especially the priceless treasures of the Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica
Community Library.
Raid On the morning of 16 October 1943, 365 German Security and Police Forces
(the Italian Police were considered too unreliable) sealed off the Ghetto,
which held a large part of the Jewish Community at the time, turning it into a
virtual prison. Theodor Dannecker, recently appointed Chief of the Judenreferat
in Italy and tasked with implementing the Final Solution, the genocide of the
Jews, in Italy, had ordered the Ghetto to be cleared. Some Jews in the Ghetto
managed to escape over rooftops.
In the Raid, 1,259 people were detained, comprising 363 Men,
689 Women, and 207 Children. Afterwards, non-Jewish Prisoners were released
while 1,023 Jews were taken to the Collegio militare in the Palazzo Salviati in
Trastevere. Two days later, at least 1,035 Prisoners were loaded onto Holocaust
Trains at Tiburtina station and deported to Auschwitz. Only 16 survived.
Aftermath At the time of the Raid, The Italian Racial Laws (Italian:
Leggi Razziali), were already promulgated by the Council of Ministers in
Fascist Italy as from 1938 in order to enforce racial discrimination and
segregation in the Kingdom of Italy. It restricted the civil rights of Italian
Jews, banned books written by Jewish Authors, and excluded Jews from public
offices, education, most professions and marriage with Italians. Additional
laws stripped Jews of their assets, restricted travel, and finally, provided
for their confinement in internal exile. The Deportation of Jews in Italy began
on September 8, 1943, after German Troops seized control of Northern and
Central Italy freed Benito Mussolini from prison and installed him as the head
of the puppet state of the Italian Social Republic.
During the German Occupation, the Jews of Rome continued to
live in hiding, under constant threat of arrest and deportation, until the Liberation
of the city by the Allies on 4 June 1944. In total, a quarter of the Jewish Population
of Rome—over 2,000 people—was deported, of which only 102 survived the
Holocaust. Additionally, another 75 Roman Jews were murdered in the Ardeatine Massacre,
when 335 Civilians were executed as a reprisal for a bombing attack on SS Soldiers.
The Italian Police in Rome, unlike in many other parts of
German-Occupied Italy, did not participate in the arrests of Jews, and the
general public objected and resisted such arrests. For these reasons, a
sizeable proportion of the Jews in Rome avoided arrest and survived the
Holocaust, often hiding in the Vatican or other Catholic institutions.
Of the main Perpetrators, Theodor Dannecker committed suicide
following his capture in December 1945. Herbert Kappler was sentenced by a
military court in 1948 to life imprisonment for his role in the Ardeatine Massacre,
escaped prison in 1977, and died less than a year later.
Pope Pius XII's role in the events has been the subject of
considerable controversy, due to the proximity of the Vatican and the Roman
Ghetto. According to Michael Phayer, "the question of the pope's silence
has become the focus of intense historical debate and analysis" because
the deportations occurred "under his very windows". The term
"under his very windows" was used as the title of a book on the
subject by American historian Susan Zuccotti. The phrase is based on an actual quotation
from the report of Ernst von Weizsäcker, the German ambassador to the Vatican,
who reported to Berlin that the razzia had taken place "under the Pope's
windows". British Historian Ian Kershaw wrote that "A strong and
unequivocal protest from the Pontiff might well have deterred the German Occupiers,
unsure of the reactions, and prevented the deportations of the Jews they could
lay their hands upon. The Germans were expecting such a protest. It never
came."
Commemoration A number of stone plaques have been unveiled in the Roman
Ghetto and at Tiburtina Railway Station to commemorate the arrest and
deportation of the Jews of Rome in October 1943.
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