Vernadsky Research Base
The Vernadsky Research Base (Ukrainian: Антарктична станція
Академік Вернадський) is a Ukrainian Antarctic Research Station at Marina Point
on Galindez Island in the Argentine Islands, not far from Kyiv Peninsula. The
region is under territorial claims between three countries. The single
Ukrainian Antarctic station is named after the mineralogist Volodymyr Vernadsky
(1863–1945) who was the first President of the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine.
A British research base was established in 1947 and
transferred to Ukraine in 1996. Coordination and operational administration of
the base is conducted by the National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine
which is part of Ministry of Education and Sciences of Ukraine. The closest
Antarctic stations are Palmer Station of the United States and Yelcho Base of
Chile, reopened in 2015.
British Faraday Station (Station F) The research base was established in
1947 at the Wordie House site on Winter Island by the Falkland Islands
Dependencies Survey (today British Antarctic Survey) as Argentine Islands. The
Faraday Station existed for 49 years and 31 days (7 January 1947 – 6 February
1996) operated by FIDS and BAS. The primary purpose of the station was to
research geophysics, meteorology, and ionospherics. In May 1954 the base
moved from Winter Island to the present site on adjacent Galindez Island where
the main building was named "Coronation House" in honor of the 1953
coronation of Elizabeth II. The personnel of the British Argentine Islands
station (later Faraday Station) sometimes used the Argentine Groussac refuge
station at Petermann Island. On 15 August 1977 it was renamed as Station
F — Faraday after the Argentine Air Force established its own military base at
Southern Thule in November 1976 (see Corbeta Uruguay base) during the
1970–1980s contestation of the region between Argentina and the United Kingdom.
The British base was renamed Faraday Station in honour of British scientist
Michael Faraday. In September 1976 at Rasmussen Island a memorial cross was
planted in honour of G H Hargreaves, M A Walker and G J Whitfield.[4] On 14
August 1982 another memorial cross was planted at Petermann Island in honor of
A C Morgan, K P Ockleton and J Coll
Ukrainian Vernadsky Station
In 1992, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia declared itself the successor to all the Antarctic stations of the USSR and refused to transfer one of them to Ukraine. During February–August 1992, a number of initiative letters were sent by scientists and specialists, appeals of institutions and organizations to state bodies on the need to resume and continue Ukraine's activities in Antarctica.
On July 3, 1992, President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk issued
a decree on Ukraine's participation in Antarctic research. In August 1992, the
Verkhovna Rada approved the documents on Ukraine's accession to the Antarctic
Treaty, and on October 26, 1993, the Center for Antarctic Studies (later the
Ukrainian Antarctic Center) was established, headed by Petro Gozhyk.
In November 1993, the United Kingdom circulated a proposal to
the embassies to transfer the Faraday station on the island of Galindez to one
of the states that did not yet have stations on the continent. This idea was
picked up by Ukrainian diplomats - the then Ambassador of Ukraine to Britain
Serhiy Komisarenko and Counselor of the Embassy for Science Roland Franco. On
November 21, 1994, the Renaissance Foundation allocated $12,000 for the Ukraine
Returns to Antarctica project. On July 20, 1995, in London, Ambassador of
Ukraine Serhiy Komisarenko signed an intergovernmental agreement, and Petro
Gozhyk, Director of the CAD, signed a Memorandum between the CAD and the BAS on
the transfer of the Faraday Antarctic Station to Ukraine no later than March
31, 1996.
Ukraine took over the operation of the base in February 1996.
It was sold by the UK for a symbolic one pound; the cost of disassembling the
base with good environmental practices and standards would be too costly. On
February 6, 1996, at 6:45 p.m., a yellow and blue flag was solemnly raised
above the station.
The first expedition was successful. For high professionalism
shown in the extreme conditions of Antarctica in carrying out the tasks of the
First Ukrainian Antarctic Expedition by the Decree of the President of Ukraine
in April 1998 the Order of Merit of the III degree was awarded to G. P.
Milinevsky (station chief), the Order of Courage of the III degree V. G.
Bakhmutov (geophysics) and L. S. Govorukha (glaciologist). A monument with a
list of participants of the First Antarctic Expedition remained at the station.
The National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine continues
a programme of meteorology, upper atmospheric physics, geomagnetism, ozone,
seismology, glaciology, ecology, biology and physiology research. The purpose
of the State Targeted Scientific and Technical Program for Antarctic Research
for 2011-2020 is to ensure the conduct of basic and applied research in
Antarctica, the effective operation of the Antarctic station "Academician
Vernadsky", Ukraine's international obligations under the Antarctic Treaty
and scientifically sound assessment of prospects for the development of
biological and mineral resource potential of the region.
Climate
The climate of the base is classified as marine subantarctic.
he climate is strongly influenced by the surrounding Pacific Ocean, moderating
winter and summer temperatures. Thus,
winter temperatures rarely fall below −20 °C (−4 °F) owing to the warmer waters
while in summer, the cool waters and snow cover causes temperatures to rarely
reach above 0 °C (32 °F). The mean annual temperature is −4 °C (25 °F) although
within the last decade, temperatures have risen with much of it in winter and
autumn.
Being located in the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula,
the climate is dominated by the low pressure systems that develop over the
Pacific Ocean and move eastwards towards the peninsula mountain range. This
process leads to frequent precipitation and strong winds in the base. Unpredictable
and short snowfalls and snowstorms occur often. On average, the base receives 300 days with
snow per year. Anticyclone weather patterns caused by high pressure systems in
the interior of Antarctica or from the north are rare. In the cases that they
occur, when the weather is influenced by the high pressure system from the
interior of the continent, cold air masses from the south moves northwards. This
can occasionally lead to foggy conditions and hoar frost.
Infrastructure
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Main complex The station consists of nine buildings standing on rock
foundations. A 1961 extension at the east end of the hut provided living
quarters for 15 people. Major alterations in 1980 updated the living and
working accommodation. A two-storey extension provides sleeping accommodation
for 24 people, a clothing store, boiler room and reverse osmosis plant on the
ground floor. Upstairs are a lounge, library, dining room, gift store and
kitchen. Visitors could purchase $3 shots of horilka (made on the premises) up
until 2016 in the lounge. The old part of the building is now mostly
laboratories and work rooms, together with the surgery and washrooms. The
generator shed was erected in 1978–79, with the old one now used as a frozen
food store and a carpenter's workshop. Other buildings include two non-magnetic
buildings, a balloon-launching shed (now skidoo garage), and a general store.
Wordie House
Not part of the current Ukrainian Research Base, yet
associated with the history of preceding British Faraday Station, the Wordie
House served as a foundation of new British Antarctic station. Built on the
site of an earlier British Graham Land Expedition sometime in 1935–36, it was
destroyed, possibly by a tsunami, in 1946. The hut was named "Wordie
House" after Sir James Wordie, a member of 1914–16 Shackleton's Imperial
Trans-Antarctic Expedition who visited during its construction. To commemorate
the historic landmark, on 19 May 1995 the Wordie House at Winter Island has
been restored and designated as Historic Site and Monument No. 62. After
Faraday base complex was transferred to Ukraine, the new Vernadsky base
personnel continued to temporarily supervise the Wordie House. In January 2007
the landmark was inspected by a conservation architect for BAS and since
October 2009 the Wordie House is managed by the United Kingdom Antarctic
Heritage Trust under a "Memorandum of Understanding" with BAS.
Rasmussen Hut At Rasmussen Island there is a hut that was under official
use in Mar 1984–6 Feb 1996. Currently it is considered as closed, yet used
occasionally by Ukrainian personnel from Vernadsky Station as an emergency
refuge shelter and for recreation.
Operations
Climate research As one of the longest operating bases in Antarctica,
Vernadsky Station has been the subject of scientific research studies on
long-term temperature trends that indicate global warming. A study published in
the April 2013 issue of the International Journal of Climatology examined the
daily observed temperature at the Faraday/Vernadsky station from 1947 to 2011.
It concluded that “Faraday/Vernadsky is experiencing a significant warming
trend of about 0.6°C/decade (1.1°F) over the last few decades. Concurrently,
the magnitude of extremely cold temperatures has reduced.”
Postal services and tourism
Vernadsky Station operates several
services for visiting tourists. A post office accepts postcards at a cost of
US$2 each. This is one of only a few post offices where visitors may send mail
from Antarctica. Stamps for letters cost $6. Mail will take several months to
be delivered. In addition to selling postage and accepting outgoing mail, the
post office sells commemorative postcards and envelopes for $2 to $3 each.
Staff The station hosts 10 staff members in the summer and 5 in the winter.
In popular culture The first Ukrainian expedition to the research base is featured in the Death and the Penguin (1996) novel by Ukrainian author Andrey Kurkov, which was one of the first internationally successful books of independent Ukraine, as well as its sequel Penguin Lost (2002). On February 6, 2021, Google celebrated the Vernadsky Research Base with a Google Doodle.
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