The
White Terror in Spain was part of Francisco Franco’s Dictatorship and
Repression (Spanish: Represión franquista) of the People of Spain from
1939-1975.
(My
Great-Aunt got this on one of her many
Trips to Franco Spain from the 1950s to the 1970s -she continued to travel to
Spain until 2006.
It
says "Catalonia" - the Region of Spain - but it says it in Spanish:
"Cataluña" and not in Catalan: "Catalunya" because she got
it during Franco's Dictatorship (1936-1975) where the Catalan Language, Culture
and Traditions were banned.)
During
Franco’s White Terror the following were considered State Enemies: Loyalists to
the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939), Liberals, Socialists, Protestants,
Intellectuals, Homosexuals, Freemasons, Roma and Sinti, Jews, Muslims, the Basque,
the Catalans, the Andalusians and the Galicians.
The
Roman Catholic Church in Spain actively supported Franco and his Fascists and
his attacks on the different Groups of People (which was solidified with the
1953 Concordat (Spanish: Concordato de 1953) between Franco and the Roman
Catholic Church in Spain.)
The
Concordat made it Mandatory for all Catholics to have a Church Wedding
(alongside the Civil Marriage Ceremony), the right to publish Books and Newspapers,
gave Exemptions to the Clergy in the Spanish Military, gave the Catholic Church
Tax Exemption, made Catholic Prayer Mandatory in all Public Schools and solidified
the Roman Catholic Church as the one and only Official Religion in Spain.
The
United States (which had been Neutral during the Spanish Civil War) changed to
a more Pro-Franco Stance in 1947 due to the Cold War as Franco and his Fascists
were Anti-Communists.
In
1955, the US even opened American Military Bases in Franco Spain.
That
is despite that fact that Franco and Spain favored Hitler and Nazi Germany
during World War 2 (both Countries being Fascist Dictatorships – even though
Spain was Officially Neutral during the War.)
Franco
also sent 45,000 Spaniards to fight with Hitler on the Eastern Front (known as the
Blue Division – Spanish: División Azul.)
Franco
even compiled the Jewish Archive (Spanish: Archivo Judaico) of all 6,000 Jews
living in Spain so he could give it to Hitler if Spain ended its Neutrality in
favor of the Nazis during World War 2.
From
the moment of Victory in 1939 Franco carried out a Social Cleansing (Spanish: limpieza
social) of all aspects of Public and Private life in Spain.
At
least 400,000 Men, Women and Children spent time in Prisons (there were 12,042
Children in Franco’s Prisons in 1942 alone.)
300,000
Children were removed from their “State Enemy” Families and raised by Franco
Officials.
They
are called the Lost Children (Spanish: niños perdidos del franquismo.)
There
were 300 Franco Concentration Camps (Spanish: Campos de concentración
franquistas) from 1936-1947 that held 431,251 Men, Women and Children in them.
At
least 5,000 Homosexuals were arrested, imprisoned and/or murdered under Franco.
The
number is much higher, but many Homosexuals were imprisoned under different Laws
than just the 1954 ("Vagrancy Act" (Spanish: "Ley de vagos y
maleantes.)
An
estimated 200,000 Men, Women and Children were murdered by Franco’s
Dictatorship from 1939-1975.
The
exact number is unknown (and most likely much higher) because the vast majority
were shot and buried in unmarked graves through Spain.
Franco
and his Fascists moved to eliminate the Catalans from both Public and Private
Life (Spanish: Anticatalanismo, Catalan: Anticatalanisme.)
The
Catalan Language and Culture was made Illegal and only Castilian Spanish was
allowed in Education, Commerce, the Government, the Media, etc.
From
1939 until the 1960s Franco Officially encouraged Non-Catalan Spaniards to Rape
Catalan Girls/Women so the Catalan Population would be diluted.
The
1944 Penal Code said Rape was a punishable offense when a Girl was between 12
and 23 if she was a Virgin, and between the ages of 17 and 23 if she was not,
but even this Laws was Officially Overlooked when it came to the Rape of
Catalan Girls/Women by Non-Catalan Men.
The
Exact Number of Catalan Girls/Women that were Raped by Non-Catalan Men under
Franco will never be known since there were never any Police Reports or
Official Statements made.
In
the 1960s and the 1970s Franco also supported Thousands of Non-Catalan
Spaniards moving into Catalonia to reduce the growing influence of the Catalan
Culture in the latter years of the Franco Dictatorship.
It
has been calculated that, without Franco’s Forced Migration, the Population of
Catalonia would have gone from 2 Million People in 1900 to 2.4 Million in 2001instead
of the more than 6.1 Million registered on that date (an addition of 3.4
Million Non-Catalans into Catalonia.)
Spain
has official laws that prevent the country from dealing with the crimes
(including murder) committed during Franco’s Dictatorship:
In
1975 the Pact of Forgetting (Spanish: Pacto del Olvido) was the Political
Agreement for all Spanish Political Parties to avoid confronting Franco’s
Repression.
The
1977 Amnesty Law (Spanish: Ley de Amnistia de 1977) -still in force today -
guaranteed impurity to those who committed crimes during Franco’s Dictatorship.
It also made the Pact of Forgetting official.
The
2007 Historical Memory Law (Spanish: Ley de Memoria Histórica) recognizes the
victims on both sides of the Spanish Civil War, gives rights to the Victims and
the Descendants of Victims of the Civil War and the subsequent Dictatorship of
General Francisco Franco, and formally condemns repressions of the Franco
Regime.
It
doesn’t negate the 1977 Amnesty Law so no one can be punished for their crimes.
The
Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (Spanish: Asociación para la
Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica) formed in 2000 is a Spanish Organization
that collects the oral and written testimonies about the White Terror of
Francisco Franco and excavates and identifies their bodies that were often
dumped in mass graves.
Franco
wasn’t removed from the Valley of the Fallen (Spanish: Valle de los CaÃdos) until
2019 which was 44 years after his death (for reference Joseph Stalin was
removed from Lenin’s Mausoleum by the Soviets in 1961 which was 8 years after
he died.)
The
last Statue of Francisco Franco in Spain was only removed in Melilla in
February 2021.
During
the Spanish Transition to Democracy (Spanish: Transición española ) from 1975-1982
where Spain switched from the Franco Dictatorship that had ruled Spain for the
past 36 years to a Constitutional Monarchy the Roman Catholic Church lost most
of the Privileges that Franco had given them in support for his Murderous
Regime.
In
1978 the Roman Catholic Church was removed as the Official State Religion and allowed
for the Free Practice of every Religion across Spain.
Note: None of these Numbers or Victims
include what happened during the Spanish Civil War from 1936-1939.